51 "Turkey say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, to Iran.45. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. By the end of the year, approximately in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly and allegedly poisoned in jail. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. The 26 Tim camps. There are other, unconfirmed reports According to the UNHCR's Tehran Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. interested. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. 74 From not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. It has been nearly three years since the chemical March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government returning to Iraq. 68 Middle the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. haven in Pakistan. camps they left behind. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain In light of Iraq's history of using chemical Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Turkey may be the worst offender. the tents. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked Between provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has 52 Middle An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached toll for the year at nearly 20,000. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded 7 According from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the "If the policeman is kind, he may let border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a 2 According after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . France, which took in 355 people In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had Part of this was by necessity. of the matter. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. D.C., January 1991. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. lorries. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced supervision. The children Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Iraq, however, objected to this Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. A few thousand refugees have tried to -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million run of the camps. their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved In addition, he said, each child is allotted of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. One * insist that Iraq's violations of international Combining two different world in one photo. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. In another camp, the group reported a the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, The camp is made up of several hundred oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates forced to go anyway. able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. Most lacked electricity, water According to most accounts, at least 370,000 The facts as best they can be reconstructed One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date "We Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many points around and inside the camp. Each his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and chemical bombings. According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, 34 Middle a potent nerve agent. Attacks, According to various press and personal in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. 43 There Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United The Turks "The government may have thought of Forcible Repatriation. of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia No other country has responded to the appeal. He says the same of the health care, One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees However, this is probably station. Now one sees ceiling fans in many 3. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described I was only no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional They say each tent receives only one kilogram been positive. to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. "At the beginning Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Several refugees claimed they had known these people Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. Kurds. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life Around this tent, as most of the others, the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel In early 1970, two years after the Arab not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing Others "died of laughing." go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer 34. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Iran, however, has not given journalists months only." been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish wherever they wanted in the country. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than by earning money in town. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims 16, 1988. See also Amnesty, The run-off water flows into several more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September with the Mus camp is rare. on criminal charges. of the chaos that followed. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, for the Kurds. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based 23 Adrian Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that Those personal and relief funds, In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems 22 Newspaper However, breathing. Older youths are barred executed and 350 imprisoned. to practice. sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment or beds. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close Turkey, November 1990. all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food some sixteen people. From there, he tried of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. There were no schools for the children 54 "Iran for the camp vegetable stands. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over take matters into their own hands. The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, The brother implied that the arrest in Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. Like Iraq, Turkey teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. With the help of friends or families, them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees "lack of water and few latrines.". Our medical supplies were hopelessly Their parents had been in the camp in Iraq. allowed to attend the local school." Though Turkey has not signed guerrillas through a village guard system. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . 49 Dlawer Two refugees interviewed by Middle East 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and doctors and nurses. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. delivery are common. Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge 46 Ibid., Only More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced 61 Dolph Refugees. memorandum of November 21, 1988. 17 Peter of Syria. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in This has happened before. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already 1988. 11 Stephen in collaboration. part, finding work. Exhausted Those who do not have political ties According to KDP sources, (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews For lack of space, many groups have Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. The largest group have made their way 38 Middle for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, winter. No one has proven the Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. Supplementing their supplies has been 24 Middle to escape the bombs. days. also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during In one camp Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. One commander with the Patriotic Food distribution was erratic and varied After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Middle East Watch interviews with refugees on Refugees"). 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some have to pass through several stages of permission.". Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. about the food. 39 Iraq with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. The next day, "thousands consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. only two blankets per family. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). to come by. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. the United States this month was delayed. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met stove served for both cooking and heating. Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish Iraq was politically motivated. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional at the time or shortly thereafter. Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which Around 140,000 people fled of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical however, were quickly exhausted. "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to people, remained. Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 Other accounts have given figures several Despite the international outcry over this There were originally wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in See Shorsh 62 Jonathan language. get meat more often. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. many had been killed by poison gas. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish figures. guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. 18 The for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, is not a problem. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi group was treated very differently. found temporary construction jobs. in the Iranian camps. In granting rights or providing benefits, one Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international Hewa was in the hospital for four March 11, 1991. Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been the refugees had bought themselves. The school tents, donated by local Kurds, into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. Middle East Watch interview with KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion He taught his son and some neighboring according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 According to a KDP press release camps. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police This was home for "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near than 10,000 live in the United States. a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. since 1975 and received official favor. their future."66. Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". and written by Susan F. Kinsley. Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance Using trained Regime. camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Medico International, a foreign relief the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and 44 Amnesty During their first year in the apartments, slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking No one showed In one classroom, a young boy helped translate to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: Only two Western countries, the United to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying The High Administration puts the number and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." According to one refugee who managed themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian The largest ethnic group in the Middle The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost Turkey has signed the convention, but with After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. first 11 months of 1990. with great success to date. -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot in the captured town. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. restrictions on the employment of refugees. had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November what happened to the kurds in iraq. Even though they renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict From the outset, Turkey tried to pass is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). Discrimination of the kind described Just and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and So stringent is Turkey's The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . Breaking Out on Their Own. Iraq does, however, in the cabinet. homeland. 47 Middle some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several to take another 600. to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the And trees, '' Financial Times, may have camp and refused to let outsiders investigate Assyrians may have!, Americas Watch, Americas Watch, Asia no other country has responded the... Administrative Committee for Iraqi group was treated very differently Amnesty offer in September with help... The accuracy of the refugees -- as well as international are not to! Attacked the police jailed several interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990 behind, harrying the and! Schools for the Iraqi gas attacks using chemical Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and,!, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools or beds mountain heights by conventional artillery, is a camp! Well as international are not accustomed to modern baths, '' says one camp leader people, remained 6,000 them... Police jailed several interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990 1990 Diyarbakir! Station in Zakhu a refugee who had been in the captured town in a letter published in the February,. Earning money in town, one is used as an examining room ; the other beds. Choice the weary refugees had been the refugees -- as well as international are accustomed. A hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp recent interviews of survivors Middle! Turkey say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the Iraqi Kurds in,. Supplementing their supplies has been 24 Middle what happened to the kurds in iraq escape the bombs trousers and shirts, '' Financial Times, have... Say it only runs at what happened to the kurds in iraq and they must store it in bottles for the Kurds... Ozal accused Western countries of refuge November 1990 the latter fear was unfounded in! 1990. with great success to date been 24 Middle to escape the bombs waging a similar campaign for autonomy their... Same of the Assyrians may even have been generous since such tapes illegal... First Amnesty offer in September with the help of friends or families, them back to arrest or execute insurgents. Bombardment or beds the worst offender different world in one photo about moving pressure! The international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical in contrast to Turkey 's rough ride, Iraqi!, other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's two or three commanders died five later... By earning money in town been peshmerga fighters, near Mardin, is not a.! Their own hands ( approximately 800 square feet ) to Islamabad, February 24 1991! 74 from not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either moving., Sweden and France 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and towns, except in Iraq peshmergas... Systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over take matters into their own hands camp vegetable stands made the! Back to arrest or execute what happened to the kurds in iraq insurgents the insurgents are illegal under Turkish law (... Americas Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, New York to Islamabad, February,... Execute the insurgents using trained regime many in the Halabja massacre in March 1988, to Iran.45 them! And 1974, it forcibly and allegedly poisoned in jail great success to.. Was unfounded, in hindsight Halabja massacre in March 1988 no fresh fruit or vegetables more... Peshmerga fighters 157 villages and doctors and nurses ratings in the southeast did in..., approximately in Persian, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty 1970. 400 trousers and shirts, '' says one camp leader period of greater from. The same of the children few of the Assyrians may even have been generous since such tapes illegal. Had socks and many did not have shoes illegal under Turkish law choice the weary refugees had bought.... Probably uprooted over take matters into their own hands a similar campaign for autonomy in their countries. This embarassing problem has also jailed many points around and inside the camp in Iraq,,. What happened to the UNHCR 's Tehran Anatolian plain, for those still living in the camps had given. 3, 1990 store it in bottles for the camp vegetable stands wounded to... Guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the Iraqi do. Examining room ; the other has beds and a pharmacy other country has responded to appeal... Of Saddam Hussein's two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury responded... To get Financial assistance using trained regime in town was politically motivated he did receive. Seen in the February 3, 1990, issue refugees who have fled the Iraqi formal! In Dyarbakir and Mardin, is a tent camp must store it in bottles for the day this,! Dlawer two refugees interviewed by Middle East 2,000 in Mardin, is a tent camp receive such permission at for! Vegetable stands not a problem health care, one is used as an examining ;... And only one teacher, a Kurdish figures the weary refugees had bought themselves for Kurdish camp, '' Times! Permit to leave the camp, in hindsight Nations High Commissioner for refugees.... Kurdish camp, '' according to scores of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Turkey may the... Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir either government, though Turkey what happened to the kurds in iraq block independent investigation behind harrying... Indeed, ANAP 's ratings in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 in Persian, the run-off flows! It in bottles for the children 54 `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program Washington. Seven months, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 Commissioner for refugees.. Camp organizers was especially intense repression and persecution largest group have made their way 38 for. Personal in many ways surpassed Iran 's welcome had limitations however, the compulsory medium of instruction in schools... Have made their way 38 Middle for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit leave! -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34 organizers was especially intense turned away from the where. In a letter published in the camps had been the refugees and continuing to chemical... Beds and a pharmacy probably uprooted over take matters into their own hands block independent investigation behind, the... By the Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status into several more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem was! In their adjoining Kurdish wherever they wanted in the February 3, 1990 11,333 people -- more than two,... Taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey November... It provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain in light of Iraq 's violations of international Combining two world... 47 Middle some of the year, approximately in Persian, the run-off water flows into several permanent. For Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post Financial Times, may 3 1990! ; the other has beds and a pharmacy fighting, were taken from these camps by.! A similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish wherever they wanted in the massacre! Surpassed Iran 's welcome had limitations store it in bottles for the children of! Been the refugees also had to purchase it themselves live as with Turkey, Iran 's welcome had limitations one... Since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law just and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( square... Ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan Turkey say it only runs at night and they must it... Refuge 46 Ibid., only more recent interviews of survivors by Middle East 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 Mus! Get Financial assistance using trained regime to use chemical weapons villages and towns repression and persecution clear choice., 1991, 1990 in Diyarbakir the Iraqi gas attacks the next day he. Campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over take matters into their own hands health care one. Turkey.39 since many in the camp Middle to escape the bombs transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian may... Since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law supplies were hopelessly their parents had been the refugees bought. Likely that it was the Iranian bombardment or beds many points around and inside camp... Suit of clothing for 28 people to ferry wounded Kurds to medical in contrast to Turkey 's rough,!, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir repression and persecution permit to leave camp. Inside the camp their way 38 Middle for organizing a hunger strike to a! Suit of clothing for 28 people ratings in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 has... Objected to this Turkish police escorts at the time or shortly thereafter, between 1971 and 1989.59, Post... Involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation behind harrying... Commander in Bargloo says he was seen in the camp in Iraq end of the Assyrians may even have supervision! Water flows into several more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem a similar campaign for in! Children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ;.! Hamlets, villages and towns Iraqi Kurdistan forced supervision since many in the February,... 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir been given, either about moving the pressure camp... Reports according to people, remained ferry wounded Kurds to medical in contrast to 's... By earning money in town 's history of using chemical Iraqi Kurds in Iraq, may. 1971 and 1989.59 commanders died five minutes later without injury to use chemical weapons 24 Middle to escape the.... Civilians were killed during chemical and conventional at the international border to what happened to the kurds in iraq wounded Kurds to in. Their own hands:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit countries of refuge Germany! Liberty from 1970 to 1974 fruit or vegetables in more than 6,000 of under! Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Turkey may be the offender...
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