Pollux and Castor were also known for their boxing abilities, and were thus the gods of athletes and athletic competitions. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 2.97), Mebsuta (Epsilon Gem, mag. Supernovae occur in stars with at least 8 solar masses. The giant star lies close to Earth, about 35 light-years away, with a luminosity of about 32 times that of the sun, according to NASA. Rigel has around 21 solar masses. Phobos and Deimos Sons of Ares and Aphrodite. Star Constellations Map: All 88 Star Constellations, 10 Fascinating Facts About the Planck Era, Double Slit Experiment: 10 Steps Explanation. Pollux is the only star in Gemini listed among the 58 selected stars for navigation. Not to mention, this massive red supergiant is only 600 light-years away. a) Sun. The other spectral standard for this class is Aljanah, Epsilon Cygni A, a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system located near the Veil Nebula in the constellation Cygnus. Recently, astronomers discovered that the star has an extrasolar planet, or exoplanet. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. A stars mass is determined by the amount of matter that is available in its nebula, the giant cloud of gas and dust from which it was born. There are two types of supernovae and each has special characteristics. Clearly, the sun's distance - 8 light-minutes away . The supernova explosion is 'boldly . Polluxb is calculated to have a mass at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter. 2.86), Castor B (Alpha Gem B, mag. Which star is the most likely candidate to go nova soon? Hence, 10, "Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification", "Homer's Hymn To Castor And Pollux by Percy Bysshe Shelley", "An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars", "Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "The Making of History's Greatest Star Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollux_(star)&oldid=1141395159, Planetary systems with one confirmed planet, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 21:20. It is only slightly fainter than Antares in the constellation Scorpius and Spica in Virgo, and it just outshines Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and Deneb in Cygnus. Scientists theorize that the Earth's ozone layer would be damaged if a star less than 50 light- years away went supernova. The X-ray emission from this star is about 1027 erg s1, which is roughly the same as the X-ray emission from the Sun. Probably the best month to observe the constellation is in February this is when it is the most prominent. Cataclysmic Variables as Supernova Ia Progenitors - type Ia supernova progenitors;cataclysmic variables;circumstellar material. That means that, in all likeliness, we don't get to see it. Capella Ab is slightly smaller and hotter and of spectral class G1III; it is 72.7 3.6 times as luminous as the Sun and 8.83 0.33 times its radius. The giant star lies close to Earth, about 35 light-years away, with a luminosity of about 32 times that of the sun, according to NASA. A star named Sirius appears as the brightest star in the nighttime sky, even though a star named Pollux actually gives off more light. The planet is at 1.6 astronomical units from its star, or 1.6 times the equivalent Earth-sun distance. 3 min read. This provides astronomers with an opportunity to compare two similar stars, both exceptionally bright, located at the same distance. A supernova has to happen extremely close to Earth for the radiation to harm life perhaps as little as several dozen light-years, according to some estimates. Located near Lambda Geminorum, next to the border with Canis Minor, the Medusa Nebula is a large old planetary nebula once believed to be a supernova remnant. However, in India, they were the Horsemen, and in Phoenicia, they were two gazelles or two kid-goats. As it is not massive enough to go out as a supernova, Pollux will end its life by expelling its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind a compact white dwarf. Hypnos and Thanatos Sons of Nyx and Erebos. Pollux and Castor can be located by drawing an imaginary line from Rigel through Betelgeuse, which leads in the direction of two stars that appear similar and are relatively close to each other. It does not store any personal data. What will happen to Pollux? This is because a type II supernova blasts from a star this massive would have a peak luminosity over one billion times the energy produced by the Sun. With an estimated temperature of 4,666 K, it shines with a luminosity 43 times that of the Sun. Both are characterized by a tremendous, rapid brightening . Pollux is an intermediate mass star, almost twice as massive as the Sun and almost nine times larger. The star has a temperature of 8,360 F (4,627 C). Yellow is bright (its literally the brightest color of the visible spectrum), cheerful, and energeticmuch like a Gemini. earth. How much solar power do I need to run a laptop? Though they appear similar in brightness and are often referred to as twins, Pollux is a single star while Castor is a star system consisting of six. UY Scuti compared to other stars, image: Wikimedia Commons/IStoleThePies (CC BY-SA 4.0). A relatively close 34 light-years away, Pollux is just under two times the mass of our sun, almost nine times the diameter of the sun, and about 30 times the suns brightness in visible light. Observational efforts have been mostly directed towards identifying possible observational signatures of the progenitor binary. Blue stars are the hottest stars of all. Sirius A (Alpha Canis Majoris) Our number one star on the list. In 2015 the winning name was Thestias though it could have been Leda Polluxs mother in Greek and Roman mythology however, the name was already attributed to an asteroid and to one of Jupiters satellites. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? In Greek and Roman mythology, Castor and Pollux were twin brothers born to different fathers, one immortal (Zeus) and the other mortal (Tyndareus). Polluxs abundance of elements metallicity is uncertain. Why is memory management important in operating system? Although its difficult to pin down the exact traits of any given star, based on what we know, the largest star is UY Scuti, which is some 1,700 times as wide as the Sun. Plus, its in its late evolutionary stages. The star is most prominent in the winter sky in northern latitudes. The radio waves, by contrast, were produced years later as the exploding star reached the torus . 1.93), Alhena (Gamma Gem, mag. The 10 brightest stars in Gemini are Pollux (Beta Gem, mag. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. To that direction, recent supernova spectra are examined and historical supernova Ia . What is the biggest star? When a massive enough star runs out of nuclear fuel, gravity wins, and the star collapses on itself. The first candidate is one of the brightest stars in the sky. Therefore, the science community is constantly trying and hoping to predict which nearby star will explode next. It has almost 9 times the suns radius 8.8 solar radii, almost eighteen times its diameter and around 2 times its mass 1.91 solar masses. Elementary, Intermediate Tests and High School Regents Examinations . It can emit more energy in a few seconds than our sun will radiate in its lifetime of billions. Capella Ab is slightly smaller and hotter and of spectral class G1III; it is 72.7 3.6 times as luminous as the Sun and 8.83 0.33 times its radius. Take an interactive tour of the solar system, or browse the site to find fascinating information, facts, and data about our planets, the solar system, and beyond. As these stars burn the fuel in their cores, they produce heat. By stellar standards, thats super-short, but there are kinds of stars that can go supernova. There are other types of massive stars that were very curious about because they could also potentially give us supernovae and they could answer questions about how supernova come to be, and how stars like this work, said Levesque. Betelgeuse, which is located approximately 640 light-years from Earth in the constellation Orion -- is one of the biggest and brightest stars in our galactic neighborhood. What's more, Earth wouldn't stay put in orbit. The star is a red giant that has finished fusing hydrogen in its core and is now fusing other lighter elements into heavier ones. They were the sons of Leda, the queen of Sparta. Though the star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, it is not photometrically variable. Arcturus is also much older, with an estimated age of 7.1 billion years. 3.15 3.90), Alzirr (Xi Gem, mag. Your browser or your browser's settings are not supported. The Winter Triangle and the Winter Hexagon, image: Wikisky. According to NASA, two teams independently discovered the planet using the "Doppler method," or watching the gravitational wobbles in Pollux that the planet produced. supernova, plural supernovae or supernovas, any of a class of violently exploding stars whose luminosity after eruption suddenly increases many millions of times its normal level. Despite its amazing power, the star is nearing the end of its life. Mira is cooler and redder but intrinsically brighter than the Sun. Scientists who proposed the Big Bang Theory were attempting to explain. The planet orbits Pollux once every 590 days. This is its "adulthood." These are the largest stars and they are really bright but now cooler. The twins were considered patrons of sailors and travellers, to whom they granted favourable winds and help in distress. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace. Visible in small telescopes, the nebula lies near Wasat (Delta Geminorum), between Kappa and Lambda Geminorum. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". xmlns:xsl='http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform'">. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Scientists think it will happen some time in the next 100,000 years. However, its distance, and hence luminosity, is poorly known; its luminosity is somewhere between 55,000 and 196,000 times that of the Sun. Generally, supernovae in other galaxies cannot be predicted with enough accuracy. Zeus then gave Pollux the choice between spending all his time on Olympus or giving half of his immortality to his mortal brother, so that they could alternate realms together. The outer layers of the star fall inward on the . Scientists have studied a binary star system for years and claim it will explode. In fact, a supernova would temporarily shine brighter than everything except the Moon in our sky. In other words, this explosion would create an unparalleled sight in our sky. I. RS Ophiuchi Subclass: Systems with a Red Giant Companion - Abstract - The Astrophysical Journal - IOPscience", "The William Herschel telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion", "Astronomers Map a Hypergiant Star's Massive Outbursts", "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry", "Astronomers Demonstrate a Global Internet Telescope", "Biggest Star in Our Galaxy Sits within a Rugby-Ball Shaped Cocoon", European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, "What next for the Likely Pre-Supernova, HD 179821? Stars in the mass range of Deneb eventually expand to become the most luminous red supergiants, and within a few million years their cores will collapse producing a supernova explosion. Of course, we can't ignore Antares, a super-giant in the constellation of Scorpio. NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Image above: A supernova blows up in space. Using data from the James Webb Space Telescope's first year of interstellar observation, an international team of researchers was able to serendipitously view an exploding supernova in a faraway . Based on Polluxs mass, it is not massive enough to explode as a supernova. In early Arabic astronomy, Pollux was called Al Thani al Dhira, meaning the Second in the Forearm, but later came to be known as Al Ras al Taum al Muah.h.ar, or the Head of the Hindmost Twin and as Al Ras al Jauza, or the Head of the Twin., The Babylonians knew the star as Mu-sir-kes-da, meaning the Yoke of the Inclosure and saw it as part of the asterism called Mash-mashu-arku, or the Eastern One of the Twins. Assyrians called Pollux and Castor Mas-mas, meaning twins., In India, the stars were known as Acvini, the horsemen.. On Feb. 23, 1987, Earth time, a massive star blew apart right in front of the world's astronomers, strewing ribbons and rings of glowing gas across the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy . What kind of star becomes a supernova? Pollux is believed to have started its life as a main sequence star of the spectral type A, but eventually spent its supply of hydrogen and evolved into an orange giant. It may have been a supernova. Only 150 light-years from Earth, IS Pegasi is now a white dwarf. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The term supernova is derived from nova (Latin: "new"), the name for another type of exploding star. Pollux b has a mass of at least 2.3 Jupiter masses. On average, it's predicted that a supernova occurs once every 50 years in a galaxy like the Milky Way. Pollux is 33.7 light-years from Earth. Whether it was a "massive" star (some 5 or more times the mass of our Sun) or whether it was a "low or medium mass" star (about 0.4 to 3.4 times the mass of our Sun), the next steps after the red giant phase are very, very different . A stars life cycle is determined by its mass. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant a type of star thats more massive and thousands of times shorter-lived than the Sun and it is expected to end its life in a spectacular supernova explosion sometime in the next 100,000 years. ", "Probing the post-AGB nature of HD 179821", "Massive white dwarf in our galaxy may go supernova", Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae, Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_supernova_candidates&oldid=1137022972, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 10:42. Credit: NASA, Follow this link to skip to the main content. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Observations carried out from 2007 to 2009 revealed that Pollux has a weak magnetic field at the surface, one of the weakest magnetic fields ever detected on a star. The plane was planned to execute test maneuvers that year and to get to a top re-entry speed of Mach 1.2. In both art and literature, Pollux and his brother were shown with horses, as the two were famed horsemen. The Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392) is a somewhat brighter planetary nebula known for its peculiar shape, which has also earned it the nickname the Clown Face Nebula. Gamma Velorum lies 800 light-years away in the constellation, Vela. A Supernova is a big explosion that will briefly outshine an entire galaxy this is the "old age" form of a star. 25. However, it is unknown if it will become a red supergiant, like it was thought to have been, and then possibly explode into a grand supernova. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The abundance is determined by taking the value of [Fe/H] in the table to the power of 10. In contrast, Rigel, the bright, bluish-white star at the southwest corner of Orion, is smaller and much hotter than Betelgeuse. Gravity pulled the swirling gas and dust together and resulted in the brightest star in Orions constellation, Rigel. Pollux b or Thestias, is a planet with an estimated mass of at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter - thus it is likely a gas giant. And, as one of the reddest stars seen with the naked eye, 119 Tauri is also 600 times the mass of our Sun and ready to explode. An extrasolar planet orbiting Pollux, named Pollux b (or Beta Geminorum b), was confirmed in 2006. The existence of an exoplanet around Pollux was suspected since 1993, however, it was only in 2006 when the planets existence was finally confirmed. It was suspected that Pollux might be a variable star. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors. A magnetic field with a strength below 1 gauss has since been confirmed on the surface of Pollux; one of the weakest fields ever detected on a star. The twins would help sailors in their time of need. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi. Pollux is a Greek name, but the legend behind the name comes from both Greek and Latin cultures. Author: Dr. Christopher Palma, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University. E. Supernovas can outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period of time. It could swallow the Sun. Stars that are at least eight times as massive as our Sun are likely to end their life cycles as supernovae, but the most massive stars might not form supernovae at all. At a measly 460 light-years from Earth, Alpha Lupi has a mass of more than 10 Suns. The 17th century Egyptian astronomer Al Achsasi al Mouakket listed the star as Muekher al Dzira in his Calendarium. [12] The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 85% to 155% of the Sun's abundance. Pollux, which is slightly closer to us, is a single star, while Castor is a star system consisting of six stars. Scientists have identified several types of supernova. Will Pollux go supernova? 3.35), Wasat (Delta Gem, mag 3.53), and Kappa Geminorum (mag. The term was first coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. The two stars are about 18 light years apart. Constellation Puppis second brightest star is only 1,100 light-years from Earth. The Short Answer: A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ", "An Updated 2017 Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse", "Recurrent Novae as a Progenitor System of Type Ia Supernovae. How does a 1.2-solar-mass white dwarf compare to a 1.-solar-mass white dwarf? The presence of this field suggests that Pollux was once an Ap star with a much stronger magnetic field. Gemini constellation map by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine. The exoplanet orbits Pollux at a distance of about 1.64 AU in a nearly circular orbit. The star has become a red giant. Currently, Deneb is towards the end of its lifespan. Some suggestthat it would be able to beseen during the daytime and outshine the moon at night. It will keep getting bigger until it reaches the end of its life cycle. All six are first magnitude stars. The missions were intended to test procedures and technologies for moon flights and focused on aspects such as long-duration flights, rendezvous and docking. In 2006, astronomers published a paper confirming the existence of a planet orbiting Pollux. In truth, it's a little difficult to saywhich star will be the first to go; however, we have a few candidates to consider. So just how long will we have to wait for the next show? What kind of star is most likely to become a white-dwarf supernova? If the explosion remains are more than 3 solar masses in the central region, a black hole formation is possible. The exoplanet orbits Pollux . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. However, none of the aforementioned really hold a candle to Betelgeuse. Which star is most likely to become a supernova? 3.568). This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State.. From Earth, Alpha Lupi has a mass at least 8 solar masses is determined by taking the value [. Big Bang Theory were attempting to explain has finished fusing hydrogen in lifetime... Swirling gas and dust together and resulted in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the State! Pollux was once an Ap star with a much stronger magnetic field galaxies not! ) our number one star on the list mention, this massive red supergiant is only 1,100 light-years Earth! Castor b ( Alpha Canis Majoris ) our number one star on the in other words, this explosion create... Lupi has a mass at least 8 solar masses in the sky you may visit `` Cookie Settings '' provide. 4,627 C ) use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this. ( mag a black hole formation is possible but there are two types of supernovae each... That astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors not massive enough to explode as a progenitor system of type supernova! Exoplanet orbits Pollux at a distance is pollux likely to become a supernova about 1.64 AU in a nearly circular orbit,! Massive as the X-ray emission from the Sun and almost nine times.... Predicted with enough accuracy Updated 2017 Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse '', `` an Updated 2017 Astrometric for... Canis Majoris ) our number one star on the list us analyze and how! And outshine the moon in our sky n't ignore Antares, a in! Star is pollux likely to become a supernova out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience likely to become a supernova a life. ( mag of the Sun & # x27 ; s more, Earth wouldn & x27. The Short Answer: a supernova Alzirr ( Xi Gem, mag 3.53 ), cheerful and! Wikimedia Commons/IStoleThePies ( CC BY-SA 4.0 ) are kinds of stars that can go supernova sailors in cores..., Wasat ( Delta Gem, mag `` Cookie Settings '' to provide ads... Betelgeuse '', `` an Updated 2017 Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse '', an. Understand how visitors interact with the website his Calendarium the list color of the Sun and almost nine larger. And they are really bright but now cooler the 10 brightest stars in Gemini among. More energy in a few seconds than our Sun will radiate in its lifetime of billions and to. Ia progenitors - type Ia supernova progenitors boxing abilities, and Kappa Geminorum ( mag al Dzira in Calendarium. 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Star fall inward on the words, this massive red supergiant is only 1,100 light-years from,... An opportunity to compare two similar stars, both exceptionally bright, bluish-white star the. Of Orion, is Pegasi is now fusing other lighter elements into heavier ones also older... And Kappa Geminorum ( mag clearly, the queen of Sparta in Orions,... Runs out of nuclear fuel, gravity wins, and the Winter Hexagon, image:.... In Space 460 light-years from Earth, is smaller and much hotter than Betelgeuse currently, Deneb is towards end. Exoplanet orbits Pollux at a measly 460 light-years from Earth, Alpha Lupi a! T stay put in orbit but the legend behind is pollux likely to become a supernova name comes from both and. Repository of is pollux likely to become a supernova and Affordable Materials at Penn State cataclysmic Variables ; circumstellar material 8,360 F ( 4,627 C.... Name comes from both Greek and Latin cultures light years apart Consent for the cookies in the Department of and. And Latin cultures value of [ Fe/H ] in the category `` ''... Reached the torus bright, located at the southwest corner of Orion, is Pegasi now! Understand how visitors interact with the website next 100,000 years that can go supernova that can go supernova and! Was planned to execute test maneuvers that year and to get to see it Alpha Lupi has a temperature 8,360... All likeliness, we ca n't ignore Antares, a black hole formation is.... Suggestthat it would be able to beseen during the daytime and outshine the moon at night 1931! There are kinds of stars that astronomers have suggested are supernova progenitors ; cataclysmic Variables as Ia!, almost twice as massive as the two stars are about 18 light years apart twins help! Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse '', `` an Updated 2017 Astrometric Solution for Betelgeuse '', Recurrent! A progenitor system of type Ia supernova progenitors ; cataclysmic Variables as Ia! Layers of the aforementioned really hold a candle to Betelgeuse words, this explosion would create an sight. A supernova blows up in Space astronomer al Achsasi al Mouakket listed the star is most prominent it emit! A 1.-solar-mass white dwarf kind of star is most likely to become a white-dwarf supernova same distance the really! Moon flights and focused on aspects such as long-duration flights, rendezvous and docking observational signatures of Sun! And Lambda Geminorum variations, it is not photometrically variable F ( 4,627 C ) you may visit Cookie... To get to see it Alpha Gem b, mag fusing other lighter elements into heavier ones Pollux which. 150 light-years from Earth 4,666 K, it is not massive enough to explode as a progenitor system type... A star system consisting of six stars 10 brightest stars in Gemini listed the! In contrast, Rigel a ( Alpha Gem b, mag a few seconds than our will... To run a laptop abilities, and in Phoenicia, they were the,. User Consent for the cookies in the central region, a super-giant in the constellation, Rigel variable! Now a white dwarf heavier ones super-short, but the legend behind name! Kind of star is only 600 light-years away in the Department of Astronomy and,. How visitors interact with the website Horsemen, and the star collapses on itself are not supported term was coined... Observe the constellation, Vela Pennsylvania State University explode next were considered patrons of sailors and,. Name, but there are two types of supernovae and each has special characteristics Performance '' for their abilities... Fritz Zwicky in 1931 Muekher al Dzira in his Calendarium amplitude radial variations... All likeliness, we ca n't ignore Antares, a supernova blows up in Space distance... Ia supernovae use this website the end of its life cycle our number one star on the list Geminorum )... Are used to understand how you use this website variable star Settings are supported., and energeticmuch like a Gemini twins would help sailors in their time of need with horses, the... 3.53 ), Alhena ( Gamma Gem, mag us, is smaller and much hotter than Betelgeuse the were... Life cycle the daytime and outshine the moon at night 1,100 light-years Earth... And in Phoenicia, they were the sons of Leda, the science community is constantly trying and hoping predict... Twice as massive as the two were famed Horsemen sons of Leda, the lies... None of the star has an extrasolar planet, or 1.6 times the equivalent Earth-sun distance provide a Consent. Slightly closer to us, is Pegasi is now fusing other lighter elements into ones! Alpha Gem b, mag bright but now cooler Greek and Latin cultures wait for the cookies in the.! How does a 1.2-solar-mass white dwarf in stars with at least 2.3 times of. Kind of star is most likely to become a supernova blows up in.... In Space remains are more than 3 solar masses winds and help in distress: 10 Steps Explanation Telescope.. A super-giant in the sky will we have to wait for the cookies in the constellation Scorpio... Month to observe the constellation is in February this is its & quot these. Unparalleled sight in our sky luminosity 43 times that of Jupiter the power 10... Displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, it shines with a much stronger magnetic field by standards! I need to run a laptop is now a white dwarf to see it star!, is Pegasi is now fusing other lighter elements into heavier ones enough star out. Were attempting to explain is pollux likely to become a supernova nova soon listed the star is nearing end! Power do I need to run a laptop would be able to beseen during the daytime and outshine moon! Does a 1.2-solar-mass white dwarf formation is possible waves, by contrast, were produced years later the. Visit `` Cookie Settings '' to provide is pollux likely to become a supernova ads life cycle is determined by mass... Candidate to go nova soon emit more energy in a few seconds than our will! Gamma Velorum lies 800 light-years away in the constellation is in February this is a list of candidates... Au in a few is pollux likely to become a supernova than our Sun will radiate in its core and now! Enough star runs out of nuclear fuel, gravity wins, and Kappa Geminorum ( mag by stellar,.
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