As a newly elected representative for London in Parliament and an undersheriff in the city, he was deeply involved in public life. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. It was then discovered that More had written to John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, who was also imprisoned in the Tower for not taking the oath. In 1876, during restoration work on the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, the bones of a tall, elderly woman came to light. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. Mores wife had been like most women of her time ill-educated, and during their brief marriage, he taught her Latin and other subjects. Sir Thomas Pole was a member of the aristocracy in England. Margaret's own favour at Court varied. Margaret if it is she wears coral and ermine. He needed to convince the Spanish he was secure in his kingdom. Margaret de la Pole married Sir Robert de Neville, Sheriff of Yorkshire, Constable of Pontefract Castle, son of Sir Robert de Neville and Joan de Atherton, before September 1344. He was knighted in 1521, became speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, and earned the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In fact she was 67. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Bridge Gate, Derby, Our Lady and the English Martyrs' church in Cambridge. Mores beginnings, however, hardly predicted his spectacular career. It did not matter. Name: Thomas More. But no one could be sure they were dead, and not escaped abroad, or living under assumed names. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. He later studied at . Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. Her husbands career flourished. The former Lord Chancellor Sir Thomas More is beheaded for High Treason after refusing to recognise King Henry VIII's religious supremacy. Thomas came from wealthy families, from trade (his father was a wealthy baker) and the law. Nevertheless, she was taken from her cell to the place within the precincts of the Tower of London where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold.[5]. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16th century to hold a peerage in her own right. The Bishop of Rochester John Fisher is executed on the same charge. They were charged with treason. After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. Was More surprised by this speech? Today we know Sir Thomas More primarily as the author of Utopia, and as one of the more famous martyrs of Henry VIIIs reign. That was what really cost her head in the end, but we wanted to . Anne was the anointed queen. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Margaret's destiny, as an heiress to the Plantagenets, is not for a life in the shadows. More was thus in his early thirties, successful, happily married, when the tax collectors Dudley and Empson were beheaded on Tower Hill at the command of the new king, Henry VIII. A pearl necklace is just a shadow now. In January 1539 Geoffrey was pardoned, but Margaret's son, Henry, Baron Montagu (and cousin Exeter), were later executed for treason after trial. Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. But not before Lina imparted . The main character is Joanna Stafford, a Dominican novice. Not only did this mean that Margaret came of royal stock, but it meant that she came from the family that was historically opposed to the reign of the Tudors, a fact that would affect her throughout her life. [6] . It was sumptuously furnished and built of brick a modern material but moated, crenellated, archaic in form. A devoted Catholic, More refuses to sign Parliament's Act of Supremacy, which declares King Henry, and not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the new Church of England. Following Richard's death in 1504, Margaret no longer had the fortune to support. Edward was then brought out and displayed briefly to the public. More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. Margaret's only surviving sibling was Edward, Earl of Warwick. He later characterized this as abandonment by his mother, and bitterly resented it for much of his life, although he became an important figure in the church. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. He read anything and everything he could find on the subject. London, WC1A 2HN That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. They married less than a month after Jane Colts death and More had to seek special dispensation from the church. And his old friend, the duke of Norfolk, took care to warn him of his danger, Indignatio principis mors est. To which More famously replied, Is that all, my lord? By 1527, the king was in his mid-thirties, and his wife six years older. I decided to investigate anemometers, because I wanted to look at different ways of measuring wind speed. It gave the king pause, and More was allowed to return home. The barrel, though, may have been strung on Margaret after her death. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. Geoffrey Pole, who had given the government what it needed, was pardoned. It is unlikely she had seen him for many years, but in any case, mourning for a traitor was inadvisable. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. 3. [1] He was the son of Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Katherine Wingfield . The relationship between the King and Margaret wavered a bit in 1518 when Henry repossessed some of her Salisbury lands saying they belonged to the duchy of Somerset. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. Unfortunately, Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure an annulment for the king. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. His natural piety was at odds with other courtiers, all of whom jockeyed ceaselessly for the kings favor. In 1535, Englands ambassador began suggesting that Reginald Pole marry Henrys daughter Mary. When that daughters father-in-law was executed by Henry VIII, the Pole family fell out of favor briefly, but regained favor. At this point, Reginald delivered him a nasty surprise, in the shape of a letter denouncing him as a schismatic, heretic and disgrace to Christendom: a Nero, a wild beast. But Margaret Pole, one of the great magnates of Tudor England, is not overlooked. by Susan Higginbotham. He did not share his opinion with the king. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. He blindfolded himself and exhorted the assembled crowd to witness his end in the faith and for the faith of the Catholic Church, the kings good servant but Gods first. Even Mores Protestant enemies did not believe him a traitor; his death was almost universally held to be nothing less than martyrdom. It seems Margaret was questioned about her contacts with Barton, but she came to no harm as a result and, unlike Gertrude, she escaped without grovelling. It was not so much a letter as a small book. She was attended by servants and received an extensive grant of clothing in March 1541. It took the inexperience executioner a grand total of 11 swings to finally sever her head at the neck . It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. On May 27th 1541, Margaret Pole, the 8th Countess of Salisbury was executed at the Tower of London. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. He would arrive unbidden, to either eat with the family or walk in the garden with More, his arm slung casually about Mores shoulders. In 1536, Pole sent Henry a treatise which not only opposed Henrys grounds for divorce that he had married his brothers wife and thus the marriage was invalid but also opposing Henrys more recent assertion of Royal Supremacy, power in the church in England above that of Rome. The picture was cleaned in 1973, and study suggested that some original features have almost vanished. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. [13], In 1537, Reginald (still not ordained) was made a Cardinal. In 1485, he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor, who succeeded him as Henry VII. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". Mortons tax philosophy was a marvel of inescapable logic: If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. [11], In 1531, Reginald Pole warned of the dangers of the Boleyn marriage. After his marriage to Anne Boleyn and the birth of their daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was sent to join the household of the infant princess. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538. First I went on the Internet to find some ways of measuring wind speed. Later in life, he bitterly resented her abandonment of him. A possible portrait of Margaret Pole (c. 1535). But not your principles. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. Pole, niece of both Edward IV and Richard III, was the only woman apart from Anne Boleyn to hold a peerage in her own right during the . The skeleton was not complete, but part of the skull had survived, and certain other bones. She was, Pierce says, intelligent, unquestionably virtuous, traditionally pious, and possessed an easy familiarity with the convoluted etiquette of a royal court. Known for:Her family connections to wealth and power, which at some times of her life meant she wielded wealth and power, and at other times meant she was subject to great risks during great controversies. She was an apt enough pupil to later converse with visitors in Latin. More essentially argued that communal life is the only way to end the ill effects of self-interest on politics. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. When Henry began to poll the European universities about the legality of his annulment, he chose Reginald to visit the Sorbonne, and had no fault to find with the way he carried out his mission. . * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. Cromwell was an astute politician whose beliefs changed at the whim of his royal master. Yet if you were to ask Mores contemporaries to describe him, their words would be as conflicted and contradictory as the man himself. But it is difficult to detect in her conduct the heroic virtues assumed by Rome, and easier to see self-protective caution at work. Her heads. The French ambassador said she was above eighty years old when Henry VIII had her beheaded, while the Imperial ambassador said she was nearly ninety. Was the family sincere in deploring his disloyalty? She served later as a governess to Mary. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. He was a brilliant scholar of the Renaissance who died rather than betray the Catholic church. Sir Thomas de la Pole was born circa 1378. For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. She was later regarded by Catholics as such and was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII. [5] When Perkin Warbeck impersonated Edward IV's presumed-dead son, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, in 1499, Margaret's brother Edward was attainted and executed for involvement in the plot. He collected books and rare objects, but he gave away his possessions freely as well. Thomas Cromwell producerade en tunika av typen 'Five Wounds of Christ', som pstods vara en symbol fr nskan att placera . And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. Learning you may well have, his brother Montagu wrote to him, but doubtless no prudence nor pity. Reginald had compared himself to a surgeon ready to cut away diseased flesh from the body of England: not the most tactful metaphor, when your anointed king is dragging about with an ulcerated leg. Get GCSE Macbeth Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. His resignation was at first not accepted. As the heir to the throne, Mary enjoyed a separate household, and in 1525 she was sent to Ludlow to hold court. His crusade against his native land was never launched, but many years later he would return, Archbishop of Canterbury to Mary Tudor, and join in heresy-hunting and the burning of reformers. In Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473-1541, Hazel Pierce was unable to corroborate Richard Morisyne's assertion that as a young widow Margaret Pole made her home with the other Bridgettine nuns at Syon abbey.However, the household accounts of Lady Margaret Beaufort (held at St. John's College, Cambridge) reveal that this was indeed the case, recording payments to her from . Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. Birth Year: 1478. Henry VIII was a Catholic ruler, and enjoyed friendly relations with the papacy until he sought to divorce Katharine. Perhaps the contrast with the quiet, gentle Jane was too striking. Margaret reminded Reginald what they all owed to the Tudors, and urged him to give up his enterprise, to take another way and serve the king: his renegade actions, she said, had plunged her into grief and fear, and trust me, Reginald, there never went the death of thy father or of any child so nigh my heart. Thomas Cromwell, who spied efficiently on the whole family, tried to have Reginald abducted or assassinated. The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. When Prince Arthur held court in Ludlow with the 15-year-old Catherine of Aragon, Richard Pole was with him, and a friendship began between the bride and the chamberlains wife which was to outlast Catherines life and have deep and lasting consequences for Margaret Pole. Both Sir Thomas More and Margaret Pole were devout Catholics, dedicated to their faith and their country. ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". Her father, Duke of Clarence and brother to Edward IV, switched sides several times during that long family battle over the crown of England. Both men were enthusiastic Humanist scholars, but they parted ways with regard to the kings prerogative. The pilgrimage was an effort to organize a march on London to install a conservative Catholic government instead of Henry's increasingly Protestant-leaning one. To my principles!". She was married to James IV of Scotland from 1503-1513, which united the royal houses of England and Scotland. He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. The threat seemed even greater by 1538, when the two great powers, France and the emperor, signed a peace treaty which left them free to turn their attention to the pariah nation. This was an obvious lie; More had never said anything of the sort to any other visitor, why Rich? She was a devout and learned young woman, and though we primarily know her as the older wife who could not bear Henry his desired son and heir, she was once young and pretty and well-liked. Marys food, Henry ordered, was to be served with joyous and merry communication. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, she became a lady-in-waiting to the princess. Sir Thomas having continued a Prisoner in the Tower somewhere more than a Twelvemonth, for he was committed about the middle of April 1534, and was brought to his Trial on the 7th of May, 1535. he went into the Court leaning on his Staff, because he was much weakened by his Imprisonment, but appeared with a cheerful and composed Countenance. [3], Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. Margaret Pole ended up becoming a Catholic martyr. The little Earl of Warwick remained alive and shut away. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. When her husband died in 1505, Margaret became a widow with five children. Either her sons had not made her aware of their dealings, Fitzwilliam concluded, or she was an adept in brazen deceit. He had an illegitimate son, called Henry Fitzroy, by one of his early mistresses. She began to write for the. Perhaps his earlier justification for the annulment had been a matter of self-interest, a selective interpretation of opaque text. Afterwards, More's head was displayed on a pike at London Bridge for a month. Margaret Pole was born about four years after her parents had married, and was the first child born after the couple lost their first child on board a ship fleeing to France during the Wars of the Roses. Yesterday we travailed with the Lady of Salisbury all day before and after noon, till almost night. Sometimes the questioners were mild, sometimes roughly spoken, traitoring her and her sons to the ninth degree yet will she nothing utter. Margaret continued not uttering, or uttering no proof of treason. It was time to be rid of Warwick. It was unlawful before man and God and thus void. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." Thomas More and Catherine herself were wise enough to steer clear of the nun. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. Born in 1473 into a world of bloody dynastic feuds, she survived under the first Tudor and thrived under the second, until she and her family, long suspected of plots against the regime, were destroyed. Shortly thereafter, (probably in November 1487) Henry VII gave Margaret in marriage to his cousin, Sir Richard Pole, whose mother was a half-sister of the king's mother, Margaret Beaufort. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. Ursula married into the powerful Stafford family; of Margarets sons, only Reginald did not marry; by the age of seven he was given utterly to God. 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