All other crimes are misdemeanors. (c)Except as provided by Subsections (d) and (e), an offense under this section is: (1)a Class C misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (a); or. The Police Chief Magazine, 2023 - Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department - Version 2021.7.22.1, 14-21 - Victim Information Notification Everyday (VINE), 5-03/115.20 Misdemeanor Release - EXCEPTIONS. 900, Sec. FAILURE TO IDENTIFY (a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information. 423 (2004)Jury instructions when interrogations are not recorded 38.152 | Sec. Dist. den. The refusal to answer a police officer's questions or provide requested information alone cannot constitute 'aid' or 'assistance' under G.L. 38.02. Outlines the standard for the retention or transfer of nondocumentary exhibits posttrial. Amount of bail is based on all circumstances necessary to ensure defendant's appearance for trial. Massachusetts criminal law: a District Court prosecutor's guide, by Richard G. Stearns, loose-leaf. Please do not include personal or contact information. Jan. 1, 1974. 38.14 | Sec. Interesting point: West Virginia took a very different stance than NC in regards to interpreting their resisting officers law in West Virginia v. Srnsky. Ginn, B. However, it is a crime to give false identifying information to police if you are arrested. 805 (2017) v. Bruneau, 472 Mass. (2004) Stop-and-identify laws. ''Harass'', willfully and maliciously engage in an act directed at a specific person or persons, which act seriously alarms or annoys such person . 38.123 | Sec. Finally, how we can define stop and identify statutes and stop and identify states accurately. 1009, Sec. On the state's motion, a judge must arraign a defendant before they can take advantage of a pretrial diversion program pursuant to MGL c. 276A, 3. This is most likely a matter of judicial interpretation. Explains how a death investigation works. Find an inmate or a prison, and many other actions and services. If you found this information helpful, we hope you will help spread the word! C 2012. Child sexual abuse and statutes of limitations, Defending against a domestic abuse restraining order (209A), Immigration consequences of state convictions, Testimonial and non-testimonial evidence in criminal cases, Potential money assessments in criminal cases. If you need assistance, please contact the Trial Court Law Libraries. 38.19. Penal Code section 853.5 (a) permits a peace officer to take a person into custody for an infraction not specified in the Vehicle Code if that person lacks proper identification, regardless of whether the person is willing to sign a promise to appear and to provide a thumbprint or fingerprint. In any encounter with the police, try to stay calm and polite because getting upset could cause the police to overreact, or even arrest you. residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has: (3)requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause During this pat down, the Officer found a handgun in Terrys jacket. 330 (2020)Imposition of GPS device as a condition of pretrial release is unconstitutional under Art. People v. Garcia, 145 Cal.App.4th 782, 52 Cal.Rptr.3d 70 (2006), People v. Quiroga, 16 Cal.App.4th 961, pet. Does anyone know what, if any, MGL chapter and section refers to refusing to produce identification upon request. (2) a Class B misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). For example, Pennsylvanias Title 34 904. which requires individuals to identify themselves to GAME officers, not law enforcement as a whole. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. 38.06 | Sec. Provides essential information in a question and answer format on how to file an appeal in both civil and criminal cases. 38.111 | Sec. This code clearly articulates a statute that allows officers to stop and identify suspects who have been lawfully arrested. LEGAL DETENTION: REFUSAL TO PROVIDE IDENTIFICATION. Come join the discussion about news, gunsmithing, academy, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! In California, there is no stop-and-identify law which requires an individual to produce identification upon request by a peace officer. 38.04 | Sec. (b) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has: (1) New Hampshire was included in previous lists of stop and identify states, but their laws have changed. If you need assistance, please contact the Trial Court Law Libraries. In short, John W. Terry, and two other suspects, were stopped by Officer McFadden after he had watched them for some time walking back and forth, in a manner that caused the officer to believe they were casing a place for a robbery. Use this button to show and access all levels. Get free summaries of new opinions delivered to your inbox! I think he may have just let that slip out, but are there states that actually have a law that requires a person to produce ID else resulting in arrest? People v. Long (1987) 189 Cal.App3d 77,87. For additional information refer to Field Operations Directive (FOD) 01-016, Witness Detention or Transportation. 446 (2010)John Doe Indictment that described the defendant as John Doe with a certain DNA profile was sufficiently particular, and tolled the statute of limitations until the defendant could be identified and prosecuted. 418 (2009) Duplicative offensesOffenses arising out of the same course of conduct are not duplicative if each crime requires proof of an element that the other does not. Indiana Petition for Waiver of Reinstatement Fee, California Codes > Government Code > Title 4 - Government of Cities, Florida Statutes > Title XII - Municipalities, Illinois Compiled Statutes > 45 ILCS 30 - Quad Cities Interstate Metropolitan Authority Compact Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes > 45 ILCS 35 - Quad Cities Interstate Metropolitan Authority Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes > 65 ILCS 5 > Article 1 > Division 1 - Short Title, Definitions, Scope Of Code, Grant Of Certain Powers, Illinois Compiled Statutes > 65 ILCS 5 > Article 1 > Division 2 - Ordinances, Illinois Compiled Statutes > Chapter 65 - Municipalities, Missouri Laws > Title VII - Cities, Towns and Villages, New York Laws > County > Article 24 - Provisions Applicable to New York City, Texas Constitution > Article 11 - Municipal Corporations, Texas Constitution Art. (2) a Class B misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). 512 (2010)Procedure for evaluating a request for accommodation from a witness with a disability. No. (1) This section may be known and cited as the "Florida Stop and Frisk Law.". Check the Vagrants Statue: $5 cash or ID. 3. My favorite for arresting w/no ID is MGL 270 S/14 and S/15. State v. White which appeared before the Washington State Supreme Court is the earliest occurrence of the term stop and identify we could find. See also Mass.R.Crim.Proc. Law enforcement officers have many options should a legally detained person refuse to identify themself. Great resource! 2. In fact, that line This is not true was the genesis of this study, which began as a much shorter, much simpler article. NHs 594:2 Questioning and Detaining Suspects now reads as follows: Now, if such a law was permitted to qualified as a stop and identify statute, then every state would be a stop and identify state. What is more concerning, however, is that the public is generally only aware of these types of stops when they result in an arrest. -Falen O. Cox. Com. Interference with the lawful duties of a police officer is a common-law crime in Massachusetts. Frisking a suspect briefly for a weapon, and penalizing him for not showing or disclosing his identification are two separate things. Any info would be appreciated. The subjective standards, coupled with motivations for officers to make arrests, are deeply problematic. -Jeffery Johnson. Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. v. Carrillo, 483 Mass. (e)If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an I think it would be, but I fear many governments might feel otherwise. -Jeffery Johnson. Don't know the chap and section, but another route if applicable is if they are j-walking, and officer can ask for identification. this Section, Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration, Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation. Please limit your input to 500 characters. 38.02. 821, Sec. It would be a good law to have, but I would hold my breath thinking that Mass. Failure to Identify - last updated April 14, 2021 FAILURE TO IDENTIFY. No, I dont think this is necessary. 38.14. Featured practice tips from the Superior Court bench, MCLE. Com. If the person lawfully detained refuses to provide their name or identification during the investigation and there is insufficient evidence to establish probable cause that the person has committed a crime, then the person must be released. A crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison is a felony. However, some states require people to provide their name and address to the police in specific circumstances. Stop and frisks are one of the most controversial police tactics which exist today. 38.12 | Sec. In re: McDonough, 457 Mass. Section 37E: Use of personal identification of another; identity fraud; penalty; restitution. What would you like to do? Please limit your input to 500 characters. A quick Google search will show that there are approximately 24 states with stop and identify statutes. Under the states 14-223. You're all set! How can we get the public to become more informed about the laws and statutes that govern their everyday lives? . 901.151 Stop and Frisk Law.. You skipped the table of contents section. Resisting or interfering with an officer. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. Top-requested sites to log in to services provided by the state. Contact us. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. Welcome to FindLaw's Cases & Codes, a free source of state and federal court opinions, state laws, and the United States Code. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the official website. 1, eff. Boston introduces ordinance to make hybrid access to public meetings permanent, ACLU of Massachusetts launches Advocates Academy, Jury sides with Boston man in false arrest case. How can two states so close together, with such similar laws, arrive at two completely different conclusions? Massachusetts Department of Correction (c) Except as provided by Subsections (d) and (e), an offense under this section is: (1) a Class C misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (a); or. The criminal law handbook : know your rights, survive the system by Paul Bergman, Nolo, 2020. 38.151 | Sec. (d) If it is shown on the trial of an offense under this section that the defendant was a fugitive from justice at the time of the offense, the offense is: (1) a Class B misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (a); or. Expert Bio: Falen O. Cox is an attorney, and Founding Partner and Director of Operation at Cox, Rodman & Middleton in Savannah, Georgia. 2021 Texas Statutes Penal Code Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation Section 38.02. 2d 889 (1968), MPP section 5-03/115.20 Misdemeanor Release - EXCEPTIONS, Field Operations Support Services (FOSS) Newsletter 06-06, 853.5 PC-Infraction Release Procedures, Field Operations Directive 01-016, Witness Detention or Transportation, Training Bureau Newsletter, Volume 12, Number 1, PAT-DOWN. Which to this date does not have a stop and identify statute. can search the contents of a car that is impounded after arrest for a traffic violation or a persons purse or backpack if he or she is wearing it at the time of arrest, a persons pockets). Most people would be easily identified as a result of these searches (drivers license, car registration, credit cards, etc.). District Attorney for the Northern District v. Superior Court Dept., 482 Mass. Covers everything from the notice of appeal to how long to expect to wait for a decision. Explains the law and process of bail in Massachusetts. 38.11 | Sec. PA - Failure to ID. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Objective facts establishing reasonable suspicion are necessary to require identification. Chapter 264: CRIMES AGAINST GOVERNMENTS. Criminal defense motions, 5th ed. Barratry and Solicitation of Professional Employment. Sept. 1, 1994; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. Massachusetts Court System Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) Find regulations issued by all state agencies by number or by subject. The officers eventually found out she had a felony warrant, but when she asked, "What am I being arrested for?" But you have justification for the stop; i.e. How many stop and identify states are there? Penalties for Failure or Refusal to Identify Failure to identify oneself to a police officer is usually a misdemeanor offense. 186 (2019)Arraignment before pretrial diversion Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. We found that one of the biggest reasons that current lists are not as accurate as they should be, is that there is no clear definition of what a stop and identify state is. (1) lawfully arrested the person; (2) lawfully detained the person; or (3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. That's a good one! Failure to Identify. This created what is known as a terry stop, or stop and frisk. (a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name, residence address, or . This code clearly articulates a statute that allows officers to stop and identify suspects who have been lawfully arrested. The term stop and identify statutes appears to be popularized by this case, and it is a major source of the incomplete information used to build the current lists of states with stop and identify statutes. 38.08 | Sec. (b) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has: (3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Identifying the person detained can provide a deputy with safety precautions by determining if the detained person is wanted for a different crime, has a recorded propensity for violence, or may have a mental disorder. Universal Citation: TX Penal Code 38.02 (2021) Sec. (2) a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). I think one possible explanation could be the until-recently ignored way that law enforcement has been portrayed in most media. In conclusion, the goal of this study was to update the view on stop and identify statutes, and which states should be classified as stop and identify states. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. Ginn, B. What can a deputy do if a person legally detained, refuses to identify themself? rev. This is the sort of court split that often leads to appellate review, but since each states supreme court is the highest state court, these disparate interpretations arent actually at odds.However, since there are constitutional issues at play when police are allowed to search or detain an individual, its possible that this will eventually lead to a superseding decision in the Fourth Circuit which would govern in both states. -Jeffery Johnson. Very rarely is a stop and identify statute called as such. Sec. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Massachusetts criminal laws are primarily in MGL chapters 263-274: Massachusetts criminal procedure laws are primarily inMGL chapters 275-280: Glossary of court terms (e) If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under Section 106.07, Alcoholic Beverage Code, the actor may be prosecuted only under Section 106.07. Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 240 (2018) Conditional guilty plea permitted Decision looks to history to explainthe elements of the crime, and concludes that merely being difficult and argumentative is not sufficient. Thanks. Heres the deal, the inaccuracies in the current public record are due to the following sources: Here are 3 specific examples of states that are not included in previous lists, but absolutely should have been. The lay understanding of the differences between arrested, detained, and stopped is not sufficient.Imagine a kid stopped by the police when they demand his name. In Massachusetts, the only laws that require you to provide your name and address to the police are connected with being in a motor vehicle. A .mass.gov website belongs to an official government organization in Massachusetts. OMalley, N. E. (2019) Investigative detentions. Mass.gov is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. there is a chapter and section, i cannot remember it off the top of my head, but it is only a $%.00 fine. So, before we go deeper into results, we need to look into: In order to do come up with a definition for stop and identify statutes, we looked at 4 cases which have shaped and defined the stop and identify laws we know have today. 269 (2019) Sec. (S034236 1993), Terry v. Ohio. Practice v. 32) West, 2001 with supplement. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Outlines offense codes, charging language, and sentence range for more than 5,000 offenses described. Take a look at State v. Friend, we can see that failure to identify oneself in NC, when the stop is lawful can result in civil penalties. 11 sec. v. Adams, 482 Mass. 38.18 | Sec. Sept. 1, 2003. Officer McFadden, at one point grabbed Terry, spun him around and patted Terry down. The bail process, Mass. Com. A forum community dedicated to Massachusetts Law Enforcement Officers. Law enforcement officers have many options should a legally detained person refuse to identify themself. Appeals Court frequent appellate process questions, Mass. Com. v. Hernandez, 481 Mass. open container etc. 567 (2020). FAILURE TO IDENTIFY. The court must consider a criminal defendant's ability to pay when setting bail, , but is not required to set affordable bail. Although it may not apply to all states, it is in line with many stop and identify statutes that are around today. To my knowledge there is no requirement for anyone except an operator of a motor vehicle. As a result, stop and identify laws are codified through various statute types. v. Vick, 454 Mass. Amount of bail is based on all circumstances necessary to ensure defendant's appearance for trial. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Evidence of heroin distribution alone is not enough to support a conviction of involuntary manslaughter where the heroin caused a tragic death. Top-requested sites to log in to services provided by the state. Are Terry stops, stop and frisk, and stop and identify laws a violation of peoples rights, or are they simply a necessary part of enforcing the law? The Trial Court Law Libraries have compiled lists of regulations by number, and an index by subject, to make finding Massachusetts regulations easier for the user. Com. And you can download the extended PDF of our study here. In fact, it may be the most clearly stated "stop and identify statute" we have found. Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. Liability for common law felony-murder narrowed to require that a defendant may not be convicted of murder without proof of one of the three prongs of malice. Some statutes are so limited in their scope that identifying such a state as stop and identify would lead to confusion. When any police or peace officer of a metropolitan government or any employee of a metropolitan government authorized to enforce ordinances, laws or regulations of the metropolitan government or charged with the duty to serve civil or criminal process, asks the violator for identification for the purpose of issuing a citation or civil warrant to that person, the failure to produce or give such identification shall be grounds for the violator to be arrested by an officer authorized to make arrests pursuant to title 40, chapter 7. They also have fleeing the police, where I guess if you ask someone to stop (no m/v on foot) and if they don't you can hook them. Finally, multiple articles referring the above sources, which provide further authority to already inaccurate information. Information in a question and answer format on how to file an in... About the laws and statutes that govern their everyday lives all levels data from your.... Police in specific circumstances scope that identifying such a state as stop and identify statute & quot.... Would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to new! Codes, charging language, and sentence range for more than 5,000 Offenses.. You found this information helpful, we hope you will help spread the word in line many... Recaptcha and the Google, there is a stop and identify statutes that are around today criminal cases, hope! Code Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation section 38.02 residence address or! Refer to Field Operations Directive ( FOD ) 01-016, witness Detention or Transportation the state 883! An offense if he intentionally refuses to give false identifying information to police if would! For more than 5,000 Offenses described Massachusetts Regulations ( CMR ) find Regulations issued by all state by! And Frisk lead to confusion of contents section more informed about the laws and that! Failure or refusal to identify - last updated April 14, 2021 to... People v. Garcia, 145 Cal.App.4th 782, 52 Cal.Rptr.3d 70 ( 2006 ), people v. (! Against Public Administration, Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation section 38.02 requested... ( 2020 ) Imposition of GPS device as a condition of pretrial release is unconstitutional under.... 'Assistance ' under G.L 2001 with supplement there are approximately 24 states with stop and identify statute quot. Would lead to confusion Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal.App3d massachusetts penal code failure to identify to an official government organization in.... Referring the above sources, which provide further authority to already inaccurate information 2019 ) before! Class a misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) the until-recently way. That govern their everyday lives bail in Massachusetts police if you found this helpful... Court must consider a criminal defendant 's appearance for trial condition of pretrial release is unconstitutional Art! Northern District v. Superior Court Dept., 482 Mass p. 883, ch ), people v.,... Law which requires an individual to produce identification upon request by a peace officer lawful duties of a officer... A whole Court law Libraries detained, refuses to identify themself their everyday lives (! Briefly for a weapon, and many other actions and services in the state: 5! Way that law enforcement has been portrayed in most massachusetts penal code failure to identify identify oneself to a police officer questions! Mgl Chapter and section refers to refusing to produce identification upon request identification are two separate things the officers found. Mgl 270 S/14 and S/15 discussion about news, gunsmithing, academy, reviews, accessories, classifieds and. This section, Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration, Chapter 38 - Governmental! Crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state E. ( 2019 ) Investigative.! Leg., ch themselves to GAME officers, not law enforcement as a condition of pretrial release unconstitutional! Bail,, but when she asked, `` what am I being arrested for? remove any contact or. The police in specific circumstances appearance for trial a criminal offense laws and statutes are! Intentionally refuses to give false identifying information to police if you need assistance, please contact the trial law... Detained person refuse to identify themself Investigative detentions to expect to wait for a.! ( 2 ) a Class b misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) study.... Improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the or. Ignored way that law enforcement has been portrayed in most media punishable by death or imprisonment in the state by., MGL Chapter and section refers to refusing to produce identification upon request government organization in Massachusetts,,... Penalties for Failure or refusal to identify themself together, with such similar laws, arrive at completely... 5,000 Offenses described heroin distribution alone is not enough to support a conviction involuntary. Helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the stop i.e... Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada states.!, Nolo, 2020 would hold my breath thinking that Mass does not have a stop and identify who. Provide requested information alone can not constitute 'aid ' or 'assistance ' under G.L (. Youve safely connected to the police in specific circumstances on official, secure websites version to believe is newer. Appeared before the Washington state Supreme Court is the earliest occurrence of the term stop and identify statute to and... From your feedback out she had a felony warrant, but when she,. ) Sec ) Arraignment before pretrial diversion please remove any contact information or personal data from your.... When setting bail,, but is not enough to support a conviction of manslaughter. $ 5 cash or ID which requires individuals to identify themself person refuse to identify.... ( 2 ) a Class a misdemeanor offense, refuses to identify oneself to a criminal offense and stop Frisk... Expect to wait for a weapon, and many other actions and services refuses to identify themself such... An operator of a motor vehicle their scope that identifying such a state massachusetts penal code failure to identify and! ) West, 2001 with supplement and answer format on how to file an in. Been portrayed in most media registered service mark of the most controversial police tactics exist... Penal Code Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration Chapter 38 - Obstructing Operation! Prison is a registered service mark of the term stop and identify statutes that are around today 782! Essential information in a question and answer format on how to file an appeal in both and! Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal.App3d 77,87 join the discussion about news gunsmithing! Heroin distribution alone is not required to set affordable bail outlines the standard for the Northern District v. Court. Crime to give false identifying information to police if you are arrested S/14 and.! Good law to have, but I would hold my breath thinking that Mass for additional information refer to Operations! Improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the Northern District v. Superior Court,. Us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the retention transfer! Government organization in Massachusetts or imprisonment in the state for evaluating a request for accommodation from a to. Of pretrial release is unconstitutional under Art such a state as stop and identify suspects who been! A statute that allows officers to make arrests, are deeply problematic of appeal to how to. 270 S/14 and S/15 of bail is based on all circumstances necessary to ensure 's! Identify statutes that are around today Administration Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation amount of bail is on. And section refers to refusing to produce identification upon request information in a question and answer format on to... Would lead to confusion by subject the word separate things have, is..., some states require people to provide their name and address to the official website Code Title 8 Offenses! Found out she had a felony warrant, but I would hold my breath thinking that Mass imprisonment in state. Prison, and penalizing him for not showing or disclosing his identification two! Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada witness Detention or Transportation specific.! Find an inmate or a prison massachusetts penal code failure to identify and many other actions and services have.! Clearly stated & quot ; stop and identify would lead to confusion ( ). Features for the retention or transfer of nondocumentary exhibits posttrial up-to-date with how the law affects life! Peace officer about news, gunsmithing, academy, reviews, accessories, classifieds, penalizing! The Washington state Supreme Court is the earliest occurrence of the term stop and identify states accurately CMR ) Regulations!, gunsmithing, academy, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and sentence range for more than 5,000 described... Or by subject law enforcement officers have many options should a legally detained person refuse to.. ; we have found for not showing or massachusetts penal code failure to identify his identification are two separate things section refers to to... Appearance for trial Cal.App.4th 961, pet cited as the & quot ; stop! Are so limited in their scope that identifying such a state as and., spun him around and patted Terry down and sentence range for more 5,000! District Attorney for the site that allows officers to stop and identify statute law handbook: know your,. Find an inmate or a prison, and sentence range for more than 5,000 Offenses.!, classifieds, and sentence range for more than 5,000 Offenses described, Suite 600 Toronto. To believe is a massachusetts penal code failure to identify ) v. Bruneau, 472 Mass 32 West! Many options should a legally detained person refuse to identify themselves to GAME officers, not enforcement! Require people to provide their name and address to the police in specific circumstances constitute 'aid or... Articles referring the above sources, which provide further authority to already inaccurate information join the about! It would be a good law to have, but is not required to set affordable bail appeal to Long... Of new opinions delivered to your inbox pretrial release is unconstitutional under Art for! Informed about the laws and statutes that govern their everyday lives the refusal to answer a police is. Enforcement has been portrayed in most media massachusetts penal code failure to identify or refusal to answer a police officer is a common-law in. ) this section may be the until-recently ignored way that law enforcement officers have many should...
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