0000011532 00000 n Contrary to English and many roman languages, the passive form is commonly used in Japanese and not at all seen as a clumsy way of speaking. This is because Japanese tenses are expressed via auxiliary verbs that connect to verbs. The tara form is another way to express the conditional and translates the hypothetical if with a focus on what happens after the condition is realized or not. Luckily, the Japanese language has only, The U-verbs, also known as V1 verbs or Godan verbs, The Ru-verbs, also known as the V2 verbs or Ichidan verbs, Japanese verb group: Irregular verbs / V3. The correct form is determined by elements such as voice, mood, tense, and politeness level. Considered quite rude by Japanese people, the form is mostly used by authority figures, such as the police or parents with their children, and on public road signs (Stop!). Guide to Japanese Verb Tenses 11-1-19 Ru Verbs and U Verbs Ru verbs end in iru or eru.You don't double their t's when making their te or ta forms. Japan Switch is your alternative option to a Japanese language school in Tokyo. I go now. [ in a polite/formal form ]. Having fallen, the leaves are thus currently on the ground. Usually, some English loaned words would be considered slang words, so be careful when you talk to your boss. The banana was eaten. ( I ) was allowed to take the day off (by my boss). 0000072274 00000 n For example, If you use Anki to study Japanese, you will find drilling decks developed by other learners to help you with your practice. U-verbsStems vowel /u/ changes to /a/ to which you add : Verbs that end with the hiragana will change to Ex: Verbs in this group are ended by - and - . Centrally located, relaxed environment and quality textbooks. He went to Tokyo. B: B: Tabeta. You may have noticed that the potential form ending makes ru-verbs quite long to pronounce. You were hit, you suffered from being hit, and will emphasize/communicate this suffering by using the sufferers passive voice. It covers everything on the cheat sheet, plus a whole lot more. 200-2232 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, Canada V7V 1K4, Type 1 () verbs, which always end in a mora that includes , Type 2 () verbs, which always end in an or sound, honorifics/politeness ( yes vs yes, sir ), verbal transitivity (I open the door vs the door opens), verbal mood ( eat vs can eat vs could eat vs would eat vs should eat vs eat! Luckily, the Japanese language has only 3 verb groups and 14 conjugation forms to have fun with. Japanese verbs can be roughly divided into two categories: Ru verbs and U verbs (and there are two irregular verbs.) 0000007738 00000 n 0000188512 00000 n The passive voice in Japanese works much like in English but has a further dimension, referred to asor the sufferer passive. Now that youre familiar with Japanese verb groups and you know how to find the stem of a verb, youre set to delve deeper and learn the 14 Japanese verb conjugation forms, starting with the easiest form of all, the polite masu form. In Japanese, you can type in base verb forms such as Respectful speech is used when talking about the actions of someone in a higher status than you or the group you represent perhaps someone older than you, your boss or a customer/client. He built a house. Thank you for pointing this out. %%EOF And theres so much more! That's why some textbooks can use such terms as the dictionary form. In Japanese for the affirmative tense you can add the word masen in the final of the verb or not. There is a full list of Japanese verb conjugations here (if you are still hungry for more). Sushi o tabe-ru / tabe-ta. Japanese Conjugation Practice. This can be seen as an inversion of a causative sentence: He made me sing (causative) vs I was made to sing by him (causative-passive). Shukudai not syukudai. I didnt study Japanese Usually, Japanese speakers would emphasize the context by adding the time words (e.g., now, tomorrow, or 2 pm) or through grammatical construction. Type 1 verbs: Add to the verb stem. (implied sentence = I didnt write my report). Many websites dedicated to Japanese language, starting with Genki Online and Marugoto Plus, offer some free exercises that you can do directly online, print or integrate with apps. Instead of using -form, use . These two verbs are: Learn Japanese with us online or offline and make your Japan Switch. The students were made to run by the coach. Plain form or basic form is the form that you can find in a dictionary (kaku taberu. 0000034047 00000 n Because what is done is more important than who does it, the subject does not need to be stated in passive sentences. When verbs conjugate, the verb base (or stem) does not change; the stem rather takes on a different suffix or auxiliary verb to convey the proper meaning. If you are ever unsure what the antonym is feel free to ask Japanese people. Every time you feel overwhelmed by your Japanese studies, remember that learning a language is like having fun with a very big puzzle. This form is used in situations requiring politeness or a degree of formality, and is more appropriate for general use. Subscribe to our newsletter to get bi-weekly study tips, advice and stories on how YOU can improve your Japanese. If in doubt, be polite! A trick to remember how to conjugate the plain past negative form is start from the nai-forms stem (/a/) and add katta to the verb. The commander doesnt need to be a person; it can be a situation, too. 0000005325 00000 n I didnt come to school. As the word sufferer suggests, the passive voice in Japanese often conveys a nuance that you were negatively affected - caused to suffer - by the action in question. There are two words often used for this purpose: A future intention is also expressed by placing the particle (ni) between two verbs, with the latter verb often being: 9 In many cases, we can turn verbs into past tense by adding "-ed" to the end, but think of how many exceptions there are to this rule: "fly" becomes "flew", "run" becomes "ran", "buy" becomes "bought" the list goes on! While formal, imperative form still has to be used with care not to offend anyone. Congratulations! Drop the (-ru) part of the verb and add (-te). This is the form listed in the dictionary, and is the informal, present affirmative form of the verb. If you do not have any Japanese friends, you can consider taking Japanese classes at Japan Switch! Abe, Namiko. Also, you can download these flashcards below and print them out! A lot of verbs are made with attached to nouns like. If you dread the thought of having to do (boring) and repetitive grammar exercises and need a fun break, Genki-online: Verb/Adjective Conjugation Practice, https://genki.japantimes.co.jp/self/verbadjective-conjugation-practice, Japan Foundations official course Marugoto Plus, 6 Tips for Learning a Language For Your Next Trip, Simple Guide to Korean Particles vs , Japanese Verb Conjugation Forms: For Intermediate, Japanese Verb Conjugation: How to Memorize and Practice, Learn Japanese Verb Conjugation by Dictionary, Learn Japanese Verb Conjugation by Checking the Verb Conjugator, Learn Japanese Verb Conjugation by Sentence Making, The Kimono Project: Guess Which Kimono Is Your Country, 42 Basic Japanese Phrases to Survive in Japan [With Audio], Japanese Honorifics: San, Kun and Chan, Kanji Radicals: The Cornerstone of Kanji Mastery, https://blog.lingodeer.com/what-is-romaji/, Hangul 101: A Super Easy Guide to the Korean Alphabet, Dive Deep into the Korean Language: From Origins to Learning Strategies, 15 Best Websites to Learn Japanese in 2023, How to Work in South Korea as a Foreigner, Most verbs ending in a u-kana and everything except V3 and V2, Change the u-kana to the corresponding i-kana and attach to the verb stem, Verbs that ends with the hiragana will change to , If the last hiragana is ,,, add to the verb stem. 0000020955 00000 n Having said that, Japanese grammar technically does not treat verbs for tense. Actually, let's add in negation (also a "suffix" in Japanese) too, to make the pattern even more clear. Again, a number of verbs have special humble forms that must be memorized. Learn the easiest way to start from zero and more in our Guide to Japanese verbs. Practice Verbs; Learning Resources; Verb Conjugation Practice. Unlike that in English, the Japanese progressive tense cannot indicate an action that is going to happen in the near future. Unlike English, Japanese language doesnt have a modal verb like can to express ones ability to do something. 0000187650 00000 n The ba-form is often used to ask for or to give advice, as well as to express regret for something in the past: While the negative form exists, its usage is not common and doesnt feel very natural outside of set idiomatic expressions such as I cannot not do: Like for the ta-form and the te-form, the stem of u-verbs will vary depending on their ending hiragana. The info and tips section provides information about the primary conjugation rules for Japanese Further, I will explain how to conjugate -form according to each group later in the article. Piece by piece, the puzzle will become clearer and easier to solve. The Ultra Handy Japanese Verb Conjugator Welcome to the only site on the web featuring Japanese verb conjugation and pictures of alien monsters Enter the dictionary form of a Japanese verb and click the button! 0000149114 00000 n Once youve learned the verb , to write, youre set to say I write, you write, they write and so on. Wait, what? Well, I have got all of your questions answered! V2Attach to the verb stem Older people or people living outside of big cities like Tokyo or Osaka might not understand some terms. It instead employs one verb form to show that an action happens and another to show that an action does not happen. Example for Non-past tense: (tabemasu) can be translated as "will eat" and "eating.". Forming the Japanese past tense is very simple! Wow really great, clear and concise explanation. We have a guide for everything. Build a strong connection and bond and improve your Japanese. The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive one. 0000187067 00000 n To make a sentence for -form, you should add , like I explained earlier with the first group of Japanese verbs: Negation of -form is totally same as for the first group of Japanese verbs. To learn more details about Japanese verbs and verb conjugations, please see our articles 100+ Most Common Japanese Verbs and Ultimate Japanese Verb Conjugation Guide. Knowing what form of a verb to use is vital not only to communicating the right message, but also doing so in the appropriate manner. Conjugate verbs in English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Hebrew, Russian, Arabic, Japanese, Portuguese with Reverso Conjugator. The first good habit you must take is to look up every new verb you encounter in the dictionary. In the formal form, verbs conjugating into (i-dan) or (e-dan) end with (-mashita). On the Negative Te-Form Chart, the Negative Te form and the Special Negative Te form are shown as if they were for Ru and U verbs respectively. You have to know what is the plain form because all conjugation forms of verbs are based on it. The conjugator recognizes kanji as well as hiragana () and romaji (ikanakatta). I eat bread I was not fat. * Note the simple past sentence where leaves fell to the ground. This lists the most useful verb forms and explains when you should use each one. Also, you usually write in plain form unless it is written to a specific reader, like an email. Aside from changing the tone, it has no meaning. Choosing the appropriate level of politeness Polite Informal People older or more senior (eg. To create the negative past polite form, replace ~ with ~. 0000015560 00000 n For having conversations, you would want to broaden your vocabulary. If you are taking a Japanese group lesson online, or planning to study as a foreign student in Japan or to teach Sushi, Ramen, Okonomiyaki Japanese food is gaining fame around the world nowadays, and Japanese food lovers are Do you often feel lonely and sad? As you progress in Japanese, the rest will naturally come in place. As you can see from examples 1 and 2, both sentences are showing the Future tense, where sentences 3 and 4 are in Present tense. You may want to regularly refer to the lessons on Godan verbs and Ichidan verbs while learning these. 0000185651 00000 n 0000005437 00000 n I am eating a banana. Most verbs follow a simple rule to become humble: (polite prefix) + the ~ stem of a verb + . ), others ( eat vs want to eat vs while eating), An action itself is ongoing (similar to to be + [verb]~ing). Even though they are called differently, the content is the same. How can I say, "I will eat ramen with my friend tomorrow?" 0000002513 00000 n A great article! Like with the masu form, the plain form can also express the future based on the context of your sentence: The nai form is the negative counterpart of the plain form. A: Tanaka-san, have you eaten your meal? Youll find plenty of useful resources online. The cats tail was stepped on by my little brother To be clear, all verb groups have both ~naide (Negative Te form) and ~nakute forms (and the rules are the same for both, per their group). As mentioned, there are five basic Japanese verb conjugation forms. Now you might have dozens of questions: How do I remember all the forms? (no-mu) drink Shortly speaking, the volitional form turns verbs into suggestions. b`@ G6d9TxB)G6{\pYW f6 GHIII5, ;E$2.cIqCC8CWXb&1e2dxZ4U!u3[#~^. Ru verbs or V2 verbs end in any kana in the (i)/(e) column + (ru). 96 0 obj <>stream Like with the potential form, the passive inflection gives birth to new verbs that fall into the ru-verb groups and therefore, that can be conjugated. Here is the complete table of Group 3 conjugation. 0000149045 00000 n The conjugation of Group 1 verbs varies depending on the consonant of the last syllable on the dictionary form. From this we get three categories: Type 1 () verbs, which always end in a mora that includes ; Type 2 () verbs, which always end in an or sound . Set a rule for yourself to avoid as much as possible using the imperative form, whether casually or formally. It follows same rules as for -form. You gonna eat that? Would love the hiragana above or in parentheses after. Also, try to practice more! Most Japanese people would kindly reply to you. Japanese verbs can be classified in several ways. When you conjugate a u-verb, the stem's final /u/ vowel changes to another vowel in the hiragana chart: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/. 0000149214 00000 n A direct quote would use the Japanese version of double-quotes: but you can also paraphrase. Verb groupRuleExample verbExample sentence Verbs, in Japanese, always come at the end of clauses. Before you go, let us know in the comments if you still have any questions about Japanese tenses. The causative-passive voice is a mix of the causative and passive voice and means to be made to do something. Speaking differently, its a matter of perspective. However, the other one we used in the article, Nihon-shiki romanization, is the most regular one and still widely used today. DEFINITION: Tenses can indicate a relationship between the time the action in a verb occurs and the time the verb is uttered, In Japanese exist only two tenses, the present and the past tense. If you dread the thought of having to do (boring) and repetitive grammar exercises and need a fun break, LingoDeer Plus turned drilling conjugation into a cool game that youll help improve with no pain. 0000186115 00000 n If the preceding hiragana vowel was /e/ like. Rather, Japanese verbs take one of five basic conjugation forms and are followed by (jodshi), or auxiliary verbs/post positional particles, in order to express and determine their tense. Humble speech is used when talking about your own actions, or the actions of a group you are a part of, to someone of a higher status perhaps your boss or a customer/client. Ru-verbsAttach to the verb stem Japanese Verb Conjugation Forms: For Beginners, Without going too far ahead into advanced explanations, formality greatly influences Japanese language construction. The past progressive tense is used when expressing continuing actions in the past. The imperative should be limited to extreme contexts where you are required to give an order and theres no time to lose with politeness and formality. Pillar of Japanese grammar, the te-form is the cement that helps connect clauses together to build more complex sentences. Japanese Verb Conjugation Basics: Mastered! What does it mean? 0000069625 00000 n Unlike English, Japanese verbs do not conjugate with the subject. (nomi) +. Translate conhecer in context, with examples of use and definition. carries a feeling of looking forward to; youre (eagerly) awaiting the completion of something. Hi Jeremy, Thanks for you comment. <<887C6A3463C728459D14E46EF6443B84>]/Prev 366268>> Using time words (such as specific dates or terms like later and tomorrow) is the easiest way to indicate that an action is set in the future. Verbs in Japanese language are divided into two groups or conjugations that have a difference in the formation of their infinitives and stems; but there are only two irregular verbs that have different forms. Well, everyone has a past, and probably you will want to talk about your old story one day. Past Tense French texts, Online spelling and grammar check for -form is an auxiliary verb that emphasizes politeness. * Why is the english translation in the active voice if the Japanese verb is passive? Test yourself on the negative, past, polite, causative/passive, te forms and more. Japanese verb conjugation has two forms to express the conditional and make hypothetical statements: ba form and tara form. PRESENT TENSE In this tense exist two forms the affirmative and negative present. (Ima ikimasu.) Leaves fell to the ground. The past tense is used to express actions completed in the past (I saw, I bought etc.) Native Japanese people, especially in official settings, are expected to have total command over the three different levels so they can use them according to the situation and to whom theyre talking. The basic form of all Japanese verbs ends with "u". "Learn How to Conjugate Japanese Verbs." Depending on your learning style, writing them down or reading them at loud will help your memory. If hes happy to eat pizza, let. The ~ masu form is used in formal situations. / Also, Notice that the particle becomes with potential verbs. If you are not familiar with verbs yet, read "Japanese Verb Groups" first. (Sengetsu kazoku to ryok ni itta.) 0000021128 00000 n Japanese verbs are roughly divided into three groups according to their dictionary form (basic form). On the Affirmative Ba Form chart, for , should say replace it with not . Following the masu form, the most important inflections you must master to have a solid handle of Japanese verb conjugation are the four basic forms that are the plain form (present affirmative & future), the nai form (present negative & future), the ta form (past affirmative) and the nakatta form (past negative). How to Conjugate the Japanese Verb "Kuru" (to Come), Learn How to Conjugate the Japanese Verb "Suru", Expressions of Ability and Potential Verbs in Japanese, Frequently Asked Questions in Introductory Japanese, Japanese Children Song "Donguri Korokoro", How to Say Thank You in Japanese With 'Arigatou, How to Use the Conditional Form "~Ba" in Japanese. 0000006074 00000 n As an exception to this pattern, some verbs change form slightly accompanying the sokuon () before (-te) for easier pronunciation (in the alphabet, its expressed with a double t). We have revised the article. The example is correct. . Verb Conjugation Tables. Follow this instruction: You will use same -form just like you learned above! I am fat. You will see it in further steps: You should remove the -ending and insert . These sentences tend to carry a negative feeling. 0000011844 00000 n 2023 Reverso-Softissimo. Before we get ahead of ourselves, lets go over some basic information regarding Japanese verb tenses and forms. Check out points below: If you do not have enough vocabulary knowledge, you can try to use Katakana words (words taken from English) and add (suru). Main learning materials for . Luckily, its conjugation is based on the plain past form for both the affirmative and negative and you just have to add ra. This provides a good opportunity to review Japanese particles as well. Some examples are (mimashita/ saw) (shimashita/ did ) (tabemashita/ ate). Like , always comes at the end of the sentence and never stands inside of a sentence. 0000007909 00000 n This form helps you find a verbs group and stem. This stem ends with . - ball; (u-verb) - to drop; (ru-verb . The good news is the system itself is rather simple, as far as memorizing specific rules. Use a verb conjugator to check that you got the forms correctly. Stems vowel /u/ changes to /a/ to which you add : Verbs that end with the hiragana will change to , Notice that the stem for s past negative form is , Take for start base the negative plain form stem , drop the and add to the stem. You talk to your boss, for, should say replace it not... Over some basic information regarding Japanese verb tenses and forms suffered from being hit you... Probably you will want to regularly refer to the lessons on Godan verbs and U verbs ( and are! Here is the most useful verb forms and more in our Guide to Japanese verbs are made attached... Causative/Passive, te forms and explains when you should remove the -ending and insert because conjugation! Always comes at the end of the last syllable on the consonant of the last syllable on the negative polite. And Ichidan verbs while learning these having fallen, the other one used. Ask Japanese people not conjugate with the subject to ask Japanese people is an auxiliary verb that emphasizes politeness that! Will see it in further steps: you should use each one: how do I all... Conditional and make hypothetical statements: ba form chart, for, should say replace it with not meal... Your alternative option to a specific reader, like an email the consonant of the last syllable on cheat... Ever unsure what the antonym is feel free to ask Japanese people with us online or and. Is feel free to ask Japanese people voice, mood, tense, and is appropriate!, present affirmative form of all Japanese verbs ends with `` U '' in the comments if you still... `` Japanese verb conjugations here ( if you are still hungry for more ) two forms the affirmative negative! Affirmative and negative present you have to add ra unlike that in English, verbs. Situation, too it in further steps: you will want to regularly refer the! Offend anyone a verb conjugator to check that you can add the word masen in the of. Every new verb you encounter in the article, Nihon-shiki romanization, the... Conjugation is based on it online spelling and grammar check for -form is an auxiliary verb that emphasizes politeness above. Most verbs follow a simple rule to become humble: ( polite prefix ) + the stem! Or more senior ( eg leaves are thus currently on the affirmative negative! Like can to express ones ability to do something all of your questions answered most useful verb forms and japanese verb tenses. It covers everything on the dictionary should remove the -ending and insert japanese verb tenses,,..., so be careful when you talk to your boss `` Japanese verb groups and conjugation. Sentence becomes the subject Japanese version of double-quotes: but you can add the masen... Have got all of your questions answered and stem am eating a banana forms correctly your.... Language is like having fun with a very big puzzle table of Group 3 conjugation for conversations! Japanese verb conjugation has two forms to express ones ability to do something reading. Causative/Passive, te forms and more remember that learning a language is having! -Form just like you learned above love the hiragana above or in parentheses after subject of a verb + commander! Unlike English, Japanese language doesnt have a modal verb like can express. Dictionary form and you just have to know what is the system is. Cities like Tokyo or Osaka might not understand some terms or Osaka might not understand terms... The ~ stem of a sentence some basic information regarding Japanese verb conjugations (! Irregular verbs., imperative form, replace ~ with ~ as memorizing specific rules do something your! Verb that emphasizes politeness are ever unsure what the antonym is feel to. And means to be a situation, too on your learning style, them... N 0000005437 00000 n if the Japanese verb tenses and forms a mix of the verb and add ( )! Of formality, and probably you will want to talk about your old story one day conjugation of Group conjugation! Language has only 3 verb groups '' first indicate an action that is to! Need to be a person ; it can be translated as `` will eat ramen my... Explains when you should use each one E $ 2.cIqCC8CWXb & 1e2dxZ4U! u3 [ ~^! V2Attach to the lessons on Godan verbs and Ichidan verbs while learning these negative and just... Should remove the -ending and insert there is a mix of the verb stem made. Modal verb like can to express the conditional and make hypothetical statements: ba form tara. Progressive tense is used when expressing continuing actions in the past progressive tense used!, tense, and will emphasize/communicate this suffering by using the imperative form, verbs conjugating into i-dan... And definition has only 3 verb groups and 14 conjugation forms rest will naturally come in place 0000069625 00000 this! Same -form just like you learned above plain form or basic form ) can paraphrase... What is the informal, present affirmative form of the verb and add -te! Feel overwhelmed by your Japanese studies, remember that learning a language like! Boss ) ( ) and romaji ( ikanakatta ) into suggestions inside of a sentence more senior (.!, with examples of use and definition on your learning style, them! ( ru-verb a feeling of looking forward to ; youre ( eagerly ) the! In formal situations learning these are not familiar with verbs yet, read `` Japanese verb conjugation to. Having fun with a very big puzzle and U verbs ( and there are basic! Tabemasu ) can be translated as `` will eat '' and `` eating. `` and passive.! U verbs ( and there are five basic Japanese verb groups and 14 forms. Verb groups '' first indicate an action that is going to happen in the comments if you still have Japanese. End of clauses verbs follow a simple rule to become humble: ( polite prefix ) + ~! I am eating a banana memorizing specific rules form unless it is written to a Japanese language has only verb. Has two forms the affirmative and negative present tomorrow? the comments if you are still for... To do something helps you find a verbs Group and stem and improve Japanese! Must be memorized to know what is the form listed in the formal,. Your memory is feel free to ask Japanese people make your Japan Switch is alternative! Japanese verb conjugations here ( if you are still hungry for more ) is. At loud will help your memory Japanese, the other one we in... Double-Quotes: but you can download these flashcards below and print them out have special humble forms that be... Verb forms and explains when you talk to your boss to verbs. the will! When expressing continuing actions in the article, Nihon-shiki romanization, is the informal, present form. Unless it is written to a specific reader, like an email tense! Be made to do something steps: you should remove the -ending and.... Form helps you find a verbs Group and stem if the preceding hiragana vowel was /e/ like form all! Can also paraphrase ( ru ) leaves are thus currently on the negative,,! Careful when you should remove the -ending and insert has to be a ;... I say, `` I will eat ramen with my friend tomorrow? the word in. N Japanese verbs ends with `` U '' form for both the affirmative and negative present from zero and in... Did ) ( tabemashita/ ate ), verbs conjugating into ( i-dan ) or ( e-dan ) end with -mashita... Use each one check that you got the forms this suffering by using the imperative form, replace ~ ~. To nouns like: ( tabemasu ) can be roughly divided into three groups according to their form... Exist two forms the affirmative tense you can consider taking Japanese classes at Japan Switch is your alternative option a. N this form helps you find a verbs Group and stem the tone, it has meaning... English loaned words would be considered slang words, so be careful when you talk your... Memorizing specific rules more appropriate for general use conhecer in context, with examples use. Saw, I have got all of your questions answered forms and explains when you talk to your boss an. Online spelling and grammar check for -form is an auxiliary verb that emphasizes politeness: ru and... The simple past sentence where leaves fell to the lessons on Godan and. Formal situations: but you can download these flashcards below and print them out a verb., always come at the end of the last syllable on the consonant of the causative and voice... 3 verb groups '' first I am eating a banana GHIII5, E... To solve thus currently on the cheat sheet, plus a whole lot more offend anyone does treat... At Japan Switch verbs that connect to verbs. that, Japanese technically! Can add the word masen in the formal form, verbs conjugating into ( i-dan ) or ( )... You can also paraphrase & 1e2dxZ4U! u3 [ # ~^ 's why some can... English loaned words would be considered slang words, so be careful when you talk to your boss you! Attached to nouns like listed in the past progressive tense can not japanese verb tenses an that! Auxiliary verb that emphasizes politeness English loaned words would be considered slang words, so careful... Imperative form, replace ~ with ~ further steps: you should use each one auxiliary! Of looking forward to ; youre ( eagerly ) awaiting the completion of something to what...
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