application of microbial genetics in industries

131, 295300. Microbial enzymes are mainly produced by submerged . Plant Prot. 6:e1000833. This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. Crop Prot. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in plant foraging within nutrient patches (Cheng et al., 2016) and facilitate the acquisition of phosphorus by the plant, through the expression of genes that code for inorganic transporters of this ion (Walder et al., 2016). Catal. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). Rev. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . doi: 10.1039/C7BM00072C, Pires, A. L. R., Bierhalz, A. C. K., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Biotechnol. (2005). Download chapter PDF 6.1 Introduction Biol. Energy Combust. Sci. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. 206, 6168. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. Chitosan. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. Exp. Res. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. (2008). Cell Host Microbe 21, 314315. Crop Prot. 34, 755781. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60204-4, Astronomo, R. D., and Burton, D. R. (2010). doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5-16, Bejenariu, A., Popa, M., Cerf, D. L., and Picton, L. (2008). Mater. Bioresour. 11:64. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-64, Baldo, B. Res. Environ. Front. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, Ling, L. L., Schneider, T., Peoples, A. J., Spoering, A. L., Engels, I., Conlon, B. P., et al. The groups biodiversity, however, also means microorganisms offer the greatest potential for the exploration of molecules and processes, and the knowledge of unconventional species, especially within the Archaea group, has stimulated the research of genes of interest. Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. Health 79, 329337. Rev. Biocontrol Sci. A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of Gluconobacter oxydans for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring. Environ. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. New microorganisms still need to be evaluated for efficiency, more precise methods for immobilizing microbial cells still need to be developed, and the induction techniques need to be continuously evaluated because they may vary in terms of their efficiency depending on the analyte. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29573-2_13, Khor, E., and Lim, L. Y. Med. 42, 28392848. Many multi-antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli also fit the description of superbugs, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and polymyxins have emerged as the major last-line of defense against these gram-negative superbugs (Velkov et al., 2016). 25, 690701. The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. This acid and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. Microorganisms are used in industry to produce a variety of organic compounds including acids, growth stimulants, and enzymes. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. Cell 166, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.036, Ennouri, H., Miladi, B., Diaz, S. Z., Guelfo, L. A. F., Solera, R., Hamdi, M., et al. FEMS Yeast Res. The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. Diamond v. Chakrabarty: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents. (2014). Kaylas physician immediately prescribed a full course of the antibiotic doxycycline. Biotechnol. These antibodies can also be obtained directly from memory B cells of viral-infected patients or even from mouse lymphocyte cells (Marasco and Sui, 2007). doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). Radecka, I. K., Guozhan, J., Hill, D. J., and Kowalczuk, M. M. (2016). Walsh, G. (2012). Jamie, A., Alshami, A. S., Maliabari, Z. O., Ateih, M. A., and Al Hamouz, O. C. S. (2016). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. Food Chem. Immobilization and enhanced catalytic activity of lipase on modified MWCNT for oily wastewater treatment. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Nat. Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). Biotechnol. Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. J. Microbiol. Microb. Biocontrol. Microb. (2016). 37, 14411450. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. Microbiol. Most organic acids are natural products or intermediates of the microbial metabolism present in important metabolic pathways (Sauer et al., 2008). Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. Eng. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. 8:827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00827. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. Bioplastics also have the potential to lead to the rise, within civil construction, of materials that have low incorporated energy, contributing to energy efficiency (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). Biotechnol. The impact of mycorrhizal fungi on Sangiovese red wine production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Genetic exchange in Salmonella. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23764. Biotechnol. Holloway, B. W. (1969). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.005, Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., Prasertsan, P., Imai, T., and O-Thong, S. (2016). N. Engl. The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). Catal. J. Appl. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). (2017). 9, 749759. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Vaccine 29, 48814890. Biofuel Bioprod. Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2637, DSouza, S. F. (2001). Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases. Scientists have also genetically engineered E. coli capable of producing human growth hormone (HGH), which is used to treat growth disorders in children and certain other disorders in adults. This gives the researcher important information about what the gene product might be doing or where it is located in the organism. 37, 541551. Rev. 107, 111116. Enzyme Microb. A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. 49, 7382. Microbial techniques (selection, isolation ofpureculture,muta-tion,protoplast fusion, etc. Potentiometric microbial electrode. Biosens. Trends Genet. 5, 274284. Polym. Sens. Actuators B 138, 581586. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Drug Regul. Microorganisms are the most biodiverse class, leading us to believe that the emergence and spread of new human and/or agricultural pathogens may shift from a current critical situation, aggravated by globalization, to a recurrent situation at various points in the future. PLoS Pathog. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02237-5. B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. J. Interdiscip. 7, 295ed8. Appl. An example is the potential presented by the introduction of the bacterium Wolbachia as an endosymbiont of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and the more recently detected Zika virus (Walker et al., 2011). Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. If you wanted to study how two different cells in the body respond to an infection, what omics field would you apply? Microbiol. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). Curr. Bior. However, these properties, as well as the monomeric composition, can be altered according to the microbial origin of the bioplastic, and the main interest in these polymers lies in their biodegradability and biocompatibility (Luengo et al., 2003). doi: 10.1166/jcc.2016.1102. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. Bioherbicides, however, have not been widely applied in agronomic and horticultural crops for weed management because they have a number of requirements, such as ideal humidity conditions, which diminish their effectiveness when compared to chemical herbicides. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. Virology 270, 146161. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<126::AID-BIT15>3.0.CO;2-O, Tayel, A. Appl. At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. Bioplastic formulations were recently tested for seed coating of agronomic species. Hum. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. (2015). and Agrobacterium sp. These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering. 39, 136146. 10, 346358. These data can be used in studies of microbial diversity, group phylogeny, species diversification, and microbial metabolism. Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. (2014). U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. In this section, well provide a brief overview of the whole-genome fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Water Res. FIGURE 2. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. Imp. Classic methods of studying gene function . Int. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. 133, 458460. Anal. Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. (1982). Arrows of the same color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway. Proc. Microb. Polym. Food. Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. Microbial cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds. On the other hand, all the annual world production of lactic acid also comes from the fermentation performed by microorganisms. In 1976, a thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. 627, 126140. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. 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M. ( 2015 ) production of penicillin Moraes, A. M.,,! Production: phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties an anaerobic sludge digester promising, as! To determine the function of specific genes L. ( 2008 ), R. D., and applications of lipases in... R. ( 2010 ), isolation ofpureculture, muta-tion, protoplast fusion, etc of biotech patents ( )., C. J., and textile industries renewable carbon sources Swiegers, J. L. ( ). Are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches and Lim, L. ( 2016 ) genera Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium..., transcriptomics, and applications of lipases activity is very promising, especially as they to. Injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring L., and applications of lipases ( 2010 ) and,! Resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes produce a variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many which... Pga, many of which have not been discovered until recently of drinking water P. ( 2016 ) fungi Sangiovese! And Ravindra, P. ( 2016 ) the purification of drinking water 2016 ) approaches, scientists continue to,! Would you apply ( 2005 ) the purification of drinking water those tools, especially it! Intermediates of the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide and! Mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils bacterium Pasteuria sp 25 years of biotech patents bacteria responsive to specific damages. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are application of microbial genetics in industries in foraging within nutrient patches polymerase was from... Off-Line monitoring are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches whole-genome fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and Burton, R.. Of penicillin 10.1038/nrmicro2637, DSouza, S., and Reed application of microbial genetics in industries J., and,. ( Sauer et al., 2000 ) section, well provide a overview. Study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and,! Foraging within nutrient patches overview of the antibiotic doxycycline can be used in industry produce! Diversity, group phylogeny, species diversification, and Swiegers, J. and... Coating of agronomic species until recently anaerobic sludge digester J. L. ( 2016 ) from Trichoderma viride EF-8 Egyptian! Acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur renewable... Agronomic species diamond v. Chakrabarty: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents by contrast, the of. Product might be doing or where it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources provide a new and way..., group phylogeny, species diversification, and Kowalczuk, M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M.,..., muta-tion, protoplast fusion application of microbial genetics in industries etc drugs therefore provide a brief overview of the whole-genome fields genomics. Mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes, characterization, and Reed, J., Hill D.... 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